Connectivity

Every embedded system talks to something: a sensor over I2C, a host over USB, a backplane over PCI Express. Each bus carries its own electrical constraints, protocol layers and debug methods, and picking the wrong one shows up late in a design.

Our courses cover the buses in real use: CAN and MIL-STD 1553B for embedded control, USB 2.0 and 3.0, PCI and PCI Express, HDMI, and the digital interconnect standards that replaced shared buses. Each one is taught from the signal up to the software stack.

Each bus fails in its own way, and that is where the training time goes: arbitration and error frames on CAN, LTSSM link training and TLP ordering on PCI Express, enumeration and descriptor errors on USB, TMDS signal integrity on HDMI. The courses work at that level, with protocol analyzers on real traffic.